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NCI CANCERLIT® Search: Pituitary Tumor - January 2002
National Cancer Institute®
Ultima Vez Modificado: 1 de enero del 2002
Table of Contents
1
UI - 11148558
AU - Semba S; Han SY; Ikeda H; Horii A
TI -
Frequent nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin in pituitary adenoma.
SO - Cancer 2001 Jan 1;91(1):42-8
AD - Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine,
Sendai, Japan.
BACKGROUND: Beta-catenin (CTNNB1) is known to be a member of the
cadherin-catenin superfamily and to function in cell-cell adhesion.
However, it also has been reported that CTNNB1 plays an important role
in carcinogenesis. In the current study, the authors observed expression
of the CTNNB1 protein in primary pituitary adenomas to investigate the
role of CTNNB1 in the development of pituitary adenomas. METHODS: A
total of 37 pituitary adenomas were analyzed. Expression of CTNNB1 and
the cell proliferation marker Ki-67 were observed immunohistochemically.
In addition, the authors performed direct sequencing to detect somatic
mutations of exon 3 of the CTNNB1 gene. RESULTS: Twenty-one of 37
pituitary adenomas (57%) demonstrated abnormal nuclear accumulation of
CTNNB1. It is interesting to note that tumors with an accumulation of
CTNNB1 in the nucleus showed a statistical tendency toward an
association with increased immunoreactivity of Ki-67 (P < 0.05) whereas
no significant correlation was detected between the status of CTNNB1 and
other clinicopathologic features. Missense mutations in exon 3 of the
CTNNB1 gene also were detected in the cases with abnormal nuclear
accumulation of the CTNNB1 protein. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the
current study suggest that up-regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway,
including accumulation of mutant CTNNB1 in the nuclei, plays an
important role in the tumorigenesis and development of adenoma in the
pituitary gland. Copyright 2001 American Cancer Society.
2
UI - 11344762
AU - Dagash M; Nakhoul F; Daoud D; Hayek T; Green J
TI -
The spectrum of "cerebral hyponatremia"--cerebral salt wasting syndrome
in a patient with pituitary adenoma.
SO - Isr Med Assoc J 2000 Nov;2(11):865-7
AD - Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Medical Center and Rappaport
Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa,
Israel.
3
UI - 11392522
AU - Espay AJ; Azzarelli B; Williams LS; Bodensteiner JB
TI -
Recurrence in pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence.
SO - J Child Neurol 2001 May;16(5):364-7
AD - Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis 46202-5124, USA. aespay@iupui.edu
Pediatric pituitary adenomas are thought to behave more aggressively
than their adult counterparts, and the ability to predict the degree of
such behavior remains elusive. Proliferation marker Ki-67 and tumor
suppressor gene p53 mutations have been used in adults to assist in the
evaluation of invasiveness and recurrence; however, their use in
childhood and adolescence remains anecdotal. Our study evaluates the
proliferative potential in pituitary adenomas of five patients and its
relationship with recurrence or persistence of endocrinologic or
clinical abnormalities. For such assessment, tissues were stained with
monoclonal antibodies BP53-12 forp53 tumor suppressor gene mutation and
MIB-1, which binds to cell cycle-specific nuclear antigen Ki-67. In our
series, one patient with recurrent adenoma demonstrated the highest
(50%) p53 immunoreactivity. Ki-67-stained nuclei ranged from 0 to 2%,
failing to identify the recurrent tumor. Therefore, p53
immunoreactivity, rather than Ki-67 nuclear stain, may be useful for
identification of recurrent pituitary adenomas in childhood and
adolescence.
4
UI - 11433653
AU - Dickstein G
TI -
Cerebral salt wasting syndrome or secondary hypoadrenalism?
SO - Isr Med Assoc J 2001 Jun;3(6):469-70
5
UI - 11434667
AU - Nielsen S; Mellemkjaer S; Rasmussen LM; Ledet T; Olsen N; Bojsen-Moller
TI -
M; Astrup J; Weeke J; Jorgensen JO
Expression of somatostatin receptors on human pituitary adenomas in vivo
and ex vivo.
SO - J Endocrinol Invest 2001 Jun;24(6):430-7
AD - Medical Department M, Aarhus Kommunehospital, Denmark. stn@adfm.au.dk
The distribution and biologic activity of somatostatin receptor subtypes
(SSTR) in pituitary adenomas is not clarified, especially regarding
clinically non-functioning adenomas (NFPA). We therefore characterized
SSTR in human pituitary adenomas by combining molecular biology and in
vivo scintigraphy. Co-expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
receptor (GnRH-R) mRNA was also assessed to see whether this feature was
associated with adenoma subtype and SSTR status. Pituitary tumor
biopsies were obtained during transsphenoidal adenomectomy from 21
patients (11 NFPA, 7 acromegalics, 2 prolactinomas, 1 Cushing's
disease). Expression of mRNA encoding the 5 known SSTR subtypes and the
GnRH-R was determined by RT-PCR. Twelve patients also underwent a
pre-operative somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. Most adenomas (no.=18)
expressed mRNA for more than one SSTR. SSTR2 mRNA was expressed in 18
cases, whereas SSTR4 was absent in all but one. SSTR3 was frequently
expressed in NFPAs. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy was positive in
most cases, and with a significantly higher uptake index in GH-producing
adenomas all of which expressed SSTR2 mRNA. The uptake index appeared to
be related to receptor density rather than tumor volume. Expression of
GnRH-R mRNA was found in both NFPAs and GH-producing adenomas and was
not significantly associated with a particular SSTR subtype population.
In conclusion: 1) the distribution of SSTR is not significantly
different between NFPA and GH-producing adenomas; and 2) somatostatin
receptor scintigraphy reveals a higher uptake in GH-producing adenomas
which is not significantly related to either SSTR distribution or tumor
volume.
6
UI - 11434670
AU - Fujikawa M; Okamura K; Sato K; Shiratsuchi M; Yao T; Mizokami T;
TI -
Fujishima M
Multiple intracranial recurrent tumors with hyperprolactinemia combined
with a parasellar malignant fibrous histiocytoma long after transfrontal
surgery and irradiation to a pituitary adenoma.
SO - J Endocrinol Invest 2001 Jun;24(6):448-53
AD - Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu
University, Fukuoka, Japan. memi@intmed2.med.kyusyu-u.ac.jp
We herein describe a 40-year-old woman with hyperprolactinemia, an empty
sella and two extrasellar intracranial recurrent tumors which were
revealed 23 years after the first transfrontal craniotomy and 18 years
after the second transfrontal surgery and irradiation to a provable
prolactin-producing pituitary macroadenoma. One recurrent tumor was in
the right orbital apex causing right oculomotor nerve palsy, and the
other tumor was in the right apex partispetrosae and foramen jugulare.
Although her serum prolactin level decreased after the administration of
bromocriptine mesilate, and the size of the two tumors remained
unchanged, a malignant fibrous histiocytoma, which might have been
induced by the irradiation 18 years before, grew rapidly in the right
suprasellar-prepontine cistern to the right pedunculus cerebralis,
leading to a poor prognosis. This case confirmed the importance of the
life-lasting follow-up of pituitary adenomas treated with surgery and/or
irradiation therapy. Not only ectopic recurrence of the primary tumor
but also post-irradiation tumors may become apparent long after the
removal of the primary tumor.
7
UI - 11434671
AU - Forloni F; Giovilli M; Pecis C; Bortolani E; Preziosi A; Barzaghi ME;
TI -
Corti D; Beck-Peccoz P
Pituitary prolactin-secreting macroadenoma combined with bilateral
breast cancer in a 45-year-old male.
SO - J Endocrinol Invest 2001 Jun;24(6):454-9
AD - Department of Medicine, Treviglio/Caravaggio Hospital, Italy.
We describe an unusual case of bilateral breast cancer synchronous with
pituitary macroprolactinoma in a young male. Up to date, only very few
of such cases have been described worldwide and to our knowledge this is
the first one in which both breast cancer and pituitary macroadenoma
have been found together at the time of presentation. A 45-year-old male
was diagnosed as having a pituitary macroprolactinoma and bilateral
breast cancer on the basis of hypogonadism (testosterone 2.9 pmol/l)
with very high levels of prolactin (33,100 U/l), typical neuroradiologic
finding of a pituitary macroadenoma, marked bilateral gynecomastia with
mammographic pattern highly suspected for cancer and subsequent
hystological confirmation. Bilateral mastectomy was performed and
medical therapy with bromocriptine 10 mg/day was started. After 2-year
follow-up the patient is disease-free. Hormonal, neuroradiological and
oncological patterns are all negative or markedly improved. We stress
the importance of prolactin for its possible biological effects on
breast cancer induction or growth. Moreover in any case of
hyperprolactinemia we suggest a mammographic examination and, in the
case of breast cancer, at least a baseline hormonal profile.
8
UI - 11437296
AU - Saeki N; Nagano O; Sakaida T; Murai H; Kubota M; Yamaura A; Kitou H;
TI -
Harigaya K; Tatsuno I
Recurrent neurohypophyseal germinoma causing invasion localized to
temporal bone marrow-unreported neuroimaging studies compared to autopsy
findings.
SO - Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2001;143(4):407-11
AD - Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University School of Medicine,
Japan.
9
UI - 11444741
AU - Sosa-Olavarria A; Diaz-Guerrero L; Reigoza A; Bermudez A; Murillo M
TI -
Fetal craniopharyngioma: early prenatal diagnosis.
SO - J Ultrasound Med 2001 Jul;20(7):803-6
AD - Perinatology Unit, Carabobo University, Valencia, Venezuela.
10
UI - 11444429
AU - Stefaneanu L; Kovacs K; Horvath E; Buchfelder M; Fahlbusch R; Lancranjan
TI -
L
Dopamine D2 receptor gene expression in human adenohypophysial adenomas.
SO - Endocrine 2001 Apr;14(3):329-36
AD - Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of
Toronto, Ontario, Canada. l.stefaneanu@utoronto.ca
The inhibitory effects of dopamine on adenohypophysial cells are
mediated via dopamine subtype 2 receptor (D2R). Dopamine agonists
inhibit hormone release and induce tumor shrinkage in most
prolactin-secreting adenomas, whereas in other adenoma types such
effects are sporadic. We investigated D2R gene expression by in situ
hybridization (ISH) and immunocytochemistry in different types of
pituitary adenomas. By ISH, a variable D2R signal was detected in 79 of
89 cases: 4 of 6 densely granulated and 8 of 8 sparsely granulated
somatotroph, 4 of 4 mammosomatotroph, 7 of 7 mixed
somatotroph-lactotroph, 4 of 4 acidophil stem cell, 16 of 16 sparsely
granulated lactotroph, 11 of 16 corticotroph (functioning and silent), 3
of 4 silent subtype 3, 5 of 5 thyrotroph, 5 of 6 gonadotroph, 5 of 6
null cell, and 7 of 7 oncocytic adenomas. By immunocytochemistry, D2R
protein was localized in cytoplasm and nuclei of 60 of 62 adenomas. In
lactotroph adenomas, long-acting bromocriptine (BEC-LAR) induced a major
increase in D2R mRNA, which was not accompanied by increased D2R
immunoreactivity, suggesting mRNA stabilization. In conclusion, D2R gene
is expressed in the majority of pituitary adenomas representing all
tumor types. The significance of nuclear localization of D2R protein
remains to be clarified.
11
UI - 11465479
AU - Scheithauer BW; Fereidooni F; Horvath E; Kovacs K; Robbins P; Tews D;
TI -
Henry K; Pernicone P; Gaffrey TA Jr; Meyer FB; Young WF Jr; Fahlbusch R;
Buchfelder M; Lloyd RV
Pituitary carcinoma: an ultrastructural study of eleven cases.
SO - Ultrastruct Pathol 2001 May-Jun;25(3):227-42
AD - Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,
USA.
Pituitary carcinomas are very rare. Defined as adenohypophysial tumors
that undergo craniospinal and/or systemic metastasis, most are PRL- or
ACTH-producing. Their ultrastructural features, particularly relative to
benign adenomas of similar functional type, have not been sufficiently
explored. Eleven cases of immunohistochemically characterized pituitary
carcinoma with documented cerebrospinal and/or systemic metastases were
collected from various institutions and studied by transmission electron
microscopy. The tumors were surgically removed from 7 women and 4 men
ranging in age between 28 and 74 years (mean, 50 years). All were
endocrinologically functioning. Six tumors secreted PRL; three were
ACTH-producing; one each was GH/PRL- and TSH-producing. The patients
with the ACTH-producing tumors had all presented with Cushing's disease
and two of them had undergone adrenalectomy (Nelson syndrome). In most
cases significant cellular atypia and mitotic activity were observed. In
terms of morphologic features of functional differentiation, electron
microscopy revealed that in 9 cases the tumor cells maintained at least
some ultrastructural markers of their basic phenotype. A unique feature
in 2 ACTH carcinomas was the variable admixture of smooth endoplasmic
reticulum with intermediate (cytokeratin) filaments. In 2 cases, both
PRL-producing carcinomas, the cell type comprising the tumor could not
be identified on an ultrastructural basis alone. Ultrastructural
investigation of pituitary carcinomas confirms their endocrine nature
and, in most but not all cases, reveals their functional
differentiation. Despite the diagnostic utility of electron microscopy
in the assessment of these rare tumors, the distinction of pituitary
carcinoma from pituitary adenoma cannot be firmly made on
ultrastructural grounds alone.
12
UI - 11478267
AU - Saeger W; Schreiber S; Ludecke DK
TI -
Cyclins D1 and D3 and topoisomerase II alpha in inactive pituitary
adenomas.
SO - Endocr Pathol 2001 Spring;12(1):39-47
AD - Institute of Pathology of the Marienkrankenhaus Hamburg, Alfredstrasse
9, 22087 Hamburg, Germany.
The oncogenes cyclin D1 and D3 are overexpressed in many tumors.
Topoisomerase II alpha is found in proliferating cells. The
immunohistological expression of cyclin D1, cyclin D3, and Topoisomerase
II alpha was studied in a collection of 60 clinically inactive
surgically removed pituitary adenomas of the follicle-stimulating
hormone/luteinizing hormone (FSH/LH) cell complex (20 null cell
adenomas, 20 oncocytomas, and 20 FSH/LH cell adenomas) for correlation
with other proliferation markers (Ki-67, PCNA) and with clinical data.
Whereas cyclin D1 was positive only in one invasive null cell adenoma
(1.7%) with some p53-positive nuclei, cyclin D3 was overexpressed in the
nuclei of 41 tumors (68%). Topoisomerase II alpha was demonstrated in
the nuclei of 42 adenomas (70%) with no significant differences
discernible between the three adenoma subtypes. There was no significant
correlation to the time of development of tumor symptoms, but a
correlation of Topoisomerase II alpha with cyclin D3 and the
proliferation marker Ki-67 (Mib1). From these data we conclude that
cyclin D3 and Topoisomerase II alpha appear to be additional markers for
proliferation which can be used for prognosis index in surgical
pathology of the pituitary.
13
UI - 11482696
AU - Asano S; Ueki K; Suzuki I; Kirino T
TI -
Clinical features and medical treatment of male prolactinomas.
SO - Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2001;143(5):465-70
AD - Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan.
BACKGROUND: Prolactinomas found in male patients show distinct clinical
features compared to those in female patients, which may warrant a
different treatment strategy. METHOD: To clarify their clinical features
and to evaluate the treatment results, specifically the results of
surgical treatment and non-surgical treatment solely with oral
bromocriptine, we retrospectively reviewed our experience in male
prolactinoma cases. FINDINGS: From 1988 to 1998, we had 184 pituitary
adenoma patients, and thirteen of those were male patients with a pure
prolactinoma. Of the thirteen patients, eight underwent transsphenoidal
surgery followed by oral bromocriptine (surgical group), and five were
treated solely with bromocriptine or terguride (non-surgical group). In
both groups, the visual symptoms and signs resolved after the treatment,
and the serum prolactin levels were normalised with minimal maintenance
dose of bromocriptine. Notably, improvement of the visual symptom in the
three non-surgically treated patients was observed within a week
following the bromocriptine administration. INTERPRETATION: Although
surgery would continue to play an important part of treatment in some
cases with a large tumour, our experience suggests that drug treatment
without surgery can be a safe and effective option in the management of
male prolactinoma patients.
14
UI - 11482698
AU - Barbetta L; Dall'Asta C; Tomei G; Locatelli M; Giovanelli M; Ambrosi B
TI -
Assessment of cure and recurrence after pituitary surgery for Cushing's
disease.
SO - Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2001;143(5):477-81; discussion 481-2
AD - Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS, University of
Milano, Italy.
BACKGROUND: The treatment of choice in Cushing's disease is
transsphenoidal adenomectomy with a recurrence rate ranging 9-23%. We
investigated whether abnormal hormonal responses may predict the relapse
in "operated" patients followed-up for a long period. METHOD:
Sixty-eight surgically treated patients with Cushing's disease were
followed-up for 12-252 months. Forty-eight patients underwent selective
adenomectomy, 17 enlarged adenomectomy and 3 underwent total
hypophysectomy. After surgery ACTH and cortisol levels were measured
after stimulatory (desmopressin and CRH) and inhibitory tests
(dexamethasone and loperamide). FINDINGS: After operation 46 patients
were cured (group A), 15 patients only normalized cortisol levels (group
B), 7 patients were surgical failures. During the follow-up, a
disease-free condition was maintained in 48 of 61 cases (79%), while a
recurrence occurred in 13 patients (21%, 5 of group A and 8 of group B).
In 5/13 patients who relapsed an absent inhibition after dexamethasone
and an exaggerated response to CRH test preceded the recurrence. In 5
other patients the relapse was suspected by loperamide test. In the 3
remaining cases, positive responses to desmopressin preceded the
recurrence. In 7/13 patients who relapsed the pituitary tumour was
visualized by MRI/CT imaging. INTERPRETATION: During the follow-up a
careful assessment of ACTH dynamics is needed. Although no single test
can reliably predict the late outcome, individual patients at risk for
relapse may be identified by abnormal responses to desmopressin, CRH and
loperamide tests; particularly, the persistent responsiveness to
desmopressin may be a criterion of risk for recurrence in patients who
only normalized cortisol levels after surgery.
15
UI - 11482701
AU - Ohhashi G; Kamio M; Abe T; Otori N; Haruna S
TI -
Endoscopic transnasal approach to the pituitary lesions using navigation
system (InstaTrak System).
SO - Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2001;143(5):501-3; discussion 503-4
AD - Department of Neurological Surgery, Jikei University, Tokyo, Japan.
Endoscopic transnasal approach has become a procedure of choice for the
surgical management of pituitary lesions. However, in conventional
endoscopic transnasal surgery, the surgeon may become disorientated to
the actual operating position. In our series, 47 patients have undergone
an endoscopic transnasal approach to the pituitary with the use of the
navigation system called InstaTrak for real-time imaging. This image
guidance system proved valuable for anatomical localization during
pituitary surgery. We have reduced the average surgical time, and
improved patient outcome. As a consequence, complications during surgery
should decrease and safety should increase. Intra-operative image
guidance is expected to have major advantageous effects on pituitary
surgery by allowing the surgeon to remove lesions more efficiently. As
this system is improved technically and surgeons become more proficient
in their use, there should be better postoperative outcomes.
16
UI - 11482580
AU - Kurosaki M; Saeger W; Ludecke DK
TI -
Pituitary tumors in the elderly.
SO - Pathol Res Pract 2001;197(7):493-7
AD - Institute of Pathology, Marienkrankenhaus, Hamburg, Germany.
The present study was designed to investigate the incidence and
immunohistochemical characteristics of pituitary tumors in the elderly.
In our surgical collection of 1925 cases, we examined tumor tissue from
15 patients over 80 years of age. Pituitaries obtained at routine
autopsies from 692 subjects over 80 years of age were also investigated.
Of the 15 surgical cases studied, the majority of patients presented
with chiasmatic syndromes, likely caused by macroadenomas. Gonadotroph
adenomas were the most frequently diagnosed tumor type, followed by
null-cell adenomas and oncocytomas. There is only one case with GH cell
adenoma. Among 692 autopsy cases, 79 (11.4%) pituitaries were found to
contain adenomas in the anterior lobe. In one pituitary, two separate
adenomas were detected, hence the number of adenomas in our material was
80. All autopsy cases were microadenomas except one. The mean diameter
of adenomas was 2.2 mm. ACTH cell adenomas were the most frequently
diagnosed tumor type, followed by PRL cell adenomas and null cell
adenomas. The occurrence of pituitary adenomas discovered after routine
autopsy in the elderly was common, although these tumors were not found
frequently in surgical cases over 80 years of age. Our
immunohistochemical study revealed that many tumors contained one or
more than one anterior pituitary hormone, although almost all pituitary
adenomas were considered to be clinically inactive in surgical and
autopsy cases.
17
UI - 11495005
AU - Mazal PR; Czech T; Sedivy R; Aichholzer M; Wanschitz J; Klupp N; Budka H
TI -
Prognostic relevance of intracytoplasmic cytokeratin pattern, hormone
expression profile, and cell proliferation in pituitary adenomas of
akromegalic patients.
SO - Clin Neuropathol 2001 Jul-Aug;20(4):163-71
AD - Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical Pathology, University of
Vienna, Austria.
Seventy-six pituitary adenomas of akromegalic patients were investigated
to find out the prognostic relevance of the intracytoplasmic
distribution of cytokeratins (CK), immunohistochemically defined hormone
production profile, proliferative activity and clinical presentation. CK
distribution, growth fraction (MIB1 index) and hormone production
profile were analyzed by means of immunohistochemistry. Apoptotic
activity was investigated by the TUNEL method. Two different CK
distribution patterns were seen: a dot-like pattern in 29 cases (type 1
adenomas), and a perinuclear fibrillary pattern in 47 cases (type 2
adenomas). Type 2 adenomas showed more prominent coexpression of
prolactin (p < 0.0001), luteotrophic hormone (p < 0.002),
follicle-stimulating hormone (p < 0.005), thyroid-stimulating hormone (p
< 0.0001), and alpha-subunit (p < 0.005), as compared to type 1
adenomas. The mean MIB1 index was significantly higher in type 1 vs.
type 2 tumors (4.23%, range: 1.93% - 9.83% vs. 2.07%, range: 0.67% -
4.87%, p < 0.0001). Apoptotic activity was too low in both examined
groups to be used for balancing of tumor cell turnover. Clinical
analysis of patients with type 1 adenomas revealed female predominance,
younger age, larger tumor size, and more frequently aggressive growth
with higher incidence of suprasellar extension (p < 0.0001) and
cavernous sinus infiltration (p < 0.0001), as well as larger proportions
of re-operations and incomplete resections (34.5% vs. 8.51%).
Additionally, the interval until re-operation was shorter in type 1
adenomas (mean: 16 months, range: 9 - 21 months vs. mean: 57 months,
range: 18- 158 months). We conclude that classification of adenomas of
akromegalic patients based on intracytoplasmic CK distribution, combined
with examination of proliferative activity, and immunohistochemically
defined hormone production profile, provides important prognostic
information for the management of akromegalic patients.
18
UI - 10811095
AU - Rivoal O; Brezin AP; Feldman-Billard S; Luton JP
TI -
Goldmann perimetry in acromegaly: a survey of 307 cases from 1951
through 1996.
SO - Ophthalmology 2000 May;107(5):991-7
AD - Service d'ophtalmoloige, Hopital Cochin, Paris, France.
oliver.rivoal@cch.ap-hop-paris.fr
OBJECTIVE: Because visual pathway lesions are a common complication of
pituitary tumors, visual field examinations in patients with acromegaly
were studied. Proportion and outcome of visual field defects in patients
with acromegaly were evaluated. DESIGN: Large, retrospective case
series. PARTICIPANTS: We reviewed 307 cases of acromegaly seen from 1951
through 1996 at a single referral center. METHODS: Kinetic visual field
testing had been performed with the Goldmann perimeter, and the
frequency of visual field defects and their correlation with other
clinical manifestations and characteristics of the adenoma were
examined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Repeat visual field examinations.
RESULTS: Of the 307 patients included in the analysis, a visual field
defect that could be attributed to the pituitary adenoma was observed in
62 (20.2%) during follow-up. Visual field defects were bilateral in 38
(61.3%) of these cases. Patients with visual field abnormalities were
significantly younger (P = 0.04), had larger tumors (P < 0.001), had
more suprasellar extensions (P < 0.001), and had higher levels of growth
hormone in their serum (P = 0.04) than patients free of visual field
defects. At the end of the follow-up period, visual field examination
remained abnormal in 32 (10.4%). Return to a normal visual field
examination after treatment was more frequently observed in patients who
were less than 40 years of age at the time of diagnosis (P = 0.004).
Secondary empty sella syndrome was the main cause of visual field
defects after treatment. Abnormal visual field, either at the time of
diagnosis or during follow-up, decreased from 27% of patients between
1951 and 1975 to 15.4% of patients between 1976 and 1996, when modern
neuroimaging techniques became available. CONCLUSIONS: Endocrinologic
and neuroimaging follow-up of patients with acromegaly should be
accompanied by ophthalmic assessment. Factors predictive of visual field
defects have been identified.
19
UI - 11319995
AU - Lee AG
TI -
Acromegaly and junctional visual field loss.
SO - Ophthalmology 2001 May;108(5):832-3
20
UI - 11504298
AU - Matsuno A; Katayama H; Okazaki R; Toriumi M; Tanaka H; Akashi M; Tanaka
TI -
K; Murakami M; Tanaka H; Nagashima T
Ectopic pituitary adenoma in the sphenoid sinus causing acromegaly
associated with empty sella.
SO - ANZ J Surg 2001 Aug;71(8):495-8
AD - Department of Neurosurgery, Teikyo University Ichihara Hospital, Chiba,
Japan. akirakun@med.teikyo-u.ac.jp
21
UI - 11546565
AU - Goto T; Nishi T; Kunitoku N; Yamamoto K; Kitamura I; Takeshima H; Kochi
TI -
M; Nakazato Y; Kuratsu J; Ushio Y
Suprasellar hemangioblastoma in a patient with von Hippel-Lindau disease
confirmed by germline mutation study: case report and review of the
literature.
SO - Surg Neurol 2001 Jul;56(1):22-6
AD - Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University School of Medicine,
Kumamoto, Japan.
BACKGROUND: Hemangioblastoma (HBL) in the suprasellar region is
extremely rare.CASE DESCRIPTION: A suprasellar mass was found in a
33-year-old woman with retinal HBL and bilateral adrenal
pheochromocytomas. The diagnosis of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease was
confirmed preoperatively not only by these clinical manifestations but
also by germline mutation study. The existence of VHL disease indicated
a diagnosis of HBL for the suprasellar mass. The results of our mutation
study indicated that this patient had type II VHL disease, suggesting
that careful follow-up is essential for the early detection of renal
cell carcinoma, which is often associated with type II VHL disease.
Here, we summarize the previously reported features of sellar and
suprasellar HBLs.CONCLUSIONS: HBLs in this region may be one
manifestation of VHL disease. Genetic testing of the VHL gene of our
patient could provide useful information to determine appropriate
medical care and management.
22
UI - 11546567
AU - Mastronardi L; Guiducci A; Buttaro FM; Cristallini EG; Puzzilli F; Maira
TI -
G
Relationships among DNA Index, S-Phase, and invasive behavior in
anterior pituitary adenomas. A cytometric study of 61 cases with
Feulgen-positive DNA analysis.
SO - Surg Neurol 2001 Jul;56(1):27-32
AD - Unit of Neurosurgery, Sandro Pertini Hospital of Rome, Italy.
BACKGROUND: Pituitary adenomas are usually well differentiated
neoplasms, although in about 1/3 of cases they invade the surrounding
dura mater and bone, as confirmed by surgical findings, resulting in a
long-term possibility of relapse.METHODS: To identify the cellular
growth rate and to correlate it with surgical evidence of invasiveness,
we performed the analysis of DNA with static cytometric quantitation on
fresh surgical specimens, using a computer-assisted image processor. The
DNA index and the percentage of cells in S-phase (%SPh) were obtained in
61 pituitary tumors consecutively operated on. In relation to surgically
verified infiltration of dura and bone, we identified 39 noninvasive and
22 invasive adenomas. The cavernous sinus (CS) was infiltrated in 13
cases. On the basis of immunohistochemical staining and endocrine
activity we recognized 27 nonsecreting and 34 secreting
adenomas.RESULTS: The DNA content was aneuploid in 33 cases (11
nonfunctioning, 22 functioning; p = 0.05); there was no correlation with
the invasive behavior of the adenomas. The DNA index ranged between 0.93
and 2.50 (median 1.13); the range of %SPh was 0-12.00% (median 2.54%).
In invasive adenomas the mean DNA index was 1.33 (p not significant) and
the mean %SPh was 4.03% (p = 0.05). In CS-infiltrating pituitary
adenomas, the mean DNA index was 1.44 (p = 0.04) and the mean %SPh was
4.52% (p = 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary results seem to reveal a
correlation between DNA index, %SPh, and invasive behavior of pituitary
adenomas, encouraging the use of DNA analysis in the prognostic
evaluation of these tumors.
23
UI - 11534691
AU - Saeki N; Kubota M; Murai H; Yamaura A; Sunami K; Uozumi A
TI -
Heavily T2 weighted MR assessment of fornical injury after anterior
interhemispheric approach for large suprasellar tumors.
SO - Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2001;143(7):701-5; discussion 705-6
AD - Department of Neurological Surgery, Chiba University, School of
Medicine, Chiba City, Japan.
Fornical injury in transforaminal approach is well known. Its injury in
the anterior interhemispheric approach (AIA) has been rarely
highlighted. We report 2 cases with a large suprasellar tumor who
underwent AIA. Postoperative heavily T2 weighted reversed (T2R) MR
images demonstrated its unilateral injury. The clinical significance of
symptom-free fornical injury after AIA is discussed. Cases 1 and 2 were
a 15 year-old girl with a meningioma and a 49-year-old woman with a
craniopharyngioma, respectively. They underwent AIA. Postoperative T2R
images revealed unilateral fornical crus atrophy. They did not present
associated memory deficits. Case 1 had the injury of both fornical
column and anterior commissure. They were speculatively torn by
intra-operative lateral retraction of the frontal lobes. Case 2 had
unilateral atrophy of the mammillary body and postcommissural fornix,
which were probably caused by ischemic damage related to surgical
manipulation, since case 2 had an associated anterior thalamic infarct.
During the operation for large suprasellar tumors, excessive laterally
directed brain retraction should be avoided, since such manipulation may
easily tear the overstretched anterior commissure and fornical column.
Once we notice or suspect fornical injury on MR studies in cases of
re-operation, we have to choose a surgical approach and operative
manipulation to preserve an intact fornix. The MR evaluation of fornix
should be included in the perioperative radiological assessment, since
patients with unilateral fornical injury were free of memory
disturbance, and T2R imaging is a useful MR sequence for depicting the
anatomy related to the fornix.
24
UI - 11534696
AU - Delgrange E; Trouillas J; Gustin T; Gilliard C; Donckier JE
TI -
Antiproliferative effect of octreotide in somatotroph pituitary
adenomas: discussion from a single case report.
SO - Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2001;143(7):733-6
AD - Department of Internal Medicine, Universite Catholique de Louvain at
Mont-Godinne Hospital, Yvoir, Belgium.
The case of a 20-year-old man presenting with a rapidly expanding
pituitary somatotrophic adenoma with a tumour volume doubling time of
426 days is reported. Preoperative octreotide therapy induced a 45%
tumour shrinkage and proliferating cells were absent at the time of
tumoural resection. The correlation between clinical and proliferation
markers data in this single case report affords an opportunity to
discuss the antitumoral effect of octreotide on somatotrophic adenomas
which may result from a suppression of cell proliferation.
25
UI - 11533529
AU - Acquati S; Pizzocaro A; Tomei G; Giovanelli M; Libe R; Faglia G; Ambrosi
TI -
B
A comparative evaluation of effectiveness of medical and surgical
therapy in patients with macroprolactinoma.
SO - J Neurosurg Sci 2001 Jun;45(2):65-9
AD - Institute of Endocrine Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
BACKGROUND: The surgical success rate in macroprolactinomas is quite
low, while medical treatment is more effective in reducing PRL levels
and tumour mass. In this study the effectiveness of surgical, medical
and radiant approaches on clinical symptoms, PRL levels and tumour size
were compared in a large series of patients with macroprolactinomas.
METHODS: One hundred and thirty-two patients (63 males and 69 females)
were followed-up. Eighty-three patients were operated by
trans-sphenoidal (TSS) approach: 18 underwent only TSS, 10 were operated
and then irradiated; 30 patients underwent TSS and dopamine agonists, 25
were treated by TSS, radiotherapy and dopamine agonists. One hundred and
four patients were treated by medical therapy: 49 patients were only
administered dopamine agonists and 55 were given dopamine agonists after
unsuccessful surgery and/or radiotherapy. RESULTS: In 83 patients serum
PRL levels decreased from 1873+/-319.9 ng/ml to 831.6+/-297.8 ng/ml
after trans-sphenoidal surgery: a significant PRL reduction was obtained
in 18 cases (22%) and a full PRL normalization was found in 15 patients
(18%). The pituitary adenoma was completely removed in the 15 cases, in
whom serum PRL normalized. Sexual function was restored in 57 percent;
of women and in 29 percent; of men. In contrast, dopaminergic drugs
normalized PRL levels (from 1590.5+/-232.7 to 19.2+/-4.8 ng/ml) in
93/104 patients (89 percent;). Sexual function was restored in 74
percent; of women and in 75 percent; of men. Radiotherapy, performed
after unsuccessful TSS, was ineffective in normalizing PRL levels.
CONCLUSIONS: Medical therapy should be considered the first choice
treatment in macroprolactinomas, while the surgical approach is
recommended when neurological compressive symptoms are present and in
patients resistant or intolerant to dopamine agonists. Radiotherapy may
be indicated only in the patients in whom medical and surgical therapy
have not been successful.
26
UI - 11535013
AU - Kim EY; Park HS; Kim JJ; Han HS; Nam MS; Kim YS; Park HC
TI -
Endoscopic transsphenoidal approach through a widened nasal cavity for
pituitary lesions.
SO - J Clin Neurosci 2001 Sep;8(5):437-41
AD - Department of Neurosurgery, Inha University Hospital, College of
Medicine, Inha University, Inchon, Korea. nskey@inha.ac.kr
We operated upon 12 patients with macroadenoma and two with Rathke's
cleft cyst using an endoscope through a nasal speculum. Pure endoscopic
endonasal transsphenoiolal approach (TSA) was performed in nine patients
and endoscope-assisted microscopic endo nasal TSA in five. A thin-bladed
nasal speculum was used to achieve a wide, almost midline, pathway
without an incision at the septal mucosa. This made it possible to
convert from the endoscopic to the microscopic approach and vice versa
at any time during operation as the occasion demanded.In 10 of the 12
patients with macroadenoma, adenomas were removed totally and did not
recur during the mean follow-up period of 24 months. Two adenomas could
not be removed totally due to their invasiveness. In two of five
patients who underwent endoscope-assisted microscopic TSA for
macroadenoma, the endoscope could visualise residual tumour at blind
corners after microscopic tumor removal. Two patients with Rathke's
cleft cyst did not show recurrence. No patient showed sinonasal or
endocrinological complications.Versatile use of the endoscope through a
widened nasal cavity using a nasal speculum is a promising tool for the
treatment of pituitary lesions. Copyright 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
27
UI - 11564268
AU - Magge SN; Brunt M; Scott RM
TI -
Craniopharyngioma presenting during pregnancy 4 years after a normal
magnetic resonance imaging scan: case report.
SO - Neurosurgery 2001 Oct;49(4):1014-6; conclusion 1016-7
AD - Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Craniopharyngiomas, epithelial tumors of the
hypothalamic and pituitary region, are thought to have congenital
origins. It has been postulated that hormonal influences may stimulate
growth in adults. This report describes a case and reviews the
literature. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The case is discussed of a
39-year-old woman who experienced symptoms from a craniopharyngioma
diagnosed during a pregnancy that resulted from in vitro fertilization.
A magnetic resonance imaging scan performed 4 years previously had
disclosed nothing abnormal. INTERVENTION: The patient underwent a right
frontotemporal craniotomy with total resection of the suprasellar tumor,
which was dissected from the pituitary stalk. CONCLUSION: This case
suggests a possible link in the adult patient between the growth of this
supposedly congenital tumor and hormonal stimulation.
28
UI - 11564246
AU - Yokoyama S; Hirano H; Moroki K; Goto M; Imamura S; Kuratsu JI
TI -
Are nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas extending into the cavernous sinus
aggressive and/or invasive?
SO - Neurosurgery 2001 Oct;49(4):857-62; discussion 862-3
AD - Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University,
8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.
yokoyama@m2.kufm.kagoshima-u.ac.jp
OBJECTIVE: We studied nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas extending to the
cavernous sinus to gain insight into the discrepancy between their
histologically benign nature and frequent extension into the cavernous
sinus. METHODS: We studied 10 patients with nonfunctioning pituitary
adenomas that completely encircled the cavernous carotid artery
(extension group). All 10 patients underwent surgery to remove
intrasellar and/or suprasellar parts of the adenomas. Ten patients with
nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas without cavernous sinus extension
comprised the control group. Tumor size follow-up data were obtained by
magnetic resonance imaging. Immunostaining was performed for Ki-67,
cathepsin B, and matrix metalloprotainase-9. To assess the wall
thickness, 10 cavernous sinuses were removed from the cranial base of
adult cadavers, and the walls were examined histologically. RESULTS:
Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated no remarkable growth in most of
the patients during the follow-up period (mean, 65.8 mo). There was no
statistical difference in Ki-67, cathepsin B, and matrix
metalloprotainase-9 immunostaining between the extension group and the
control group. The cadaver study demonstrated that the medial wall was
significantly thinner than the superior and the lateral walls (P <
0.0005). We found small defects in the capsule histologically in 3 of 30
sections. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that most of nonfunctioning
pituitary adenomas extending into the cavernous sinus are neither
aggressive nor invasive. The high incidence of cavernous sinus extension
of benign adenomas may be caused by the weakness of the medial wall of
the cavernous sinus.
29
UI - 11564250
AU - Kelly DF; Oskouian RJ; Fineman I
TI -
Collagen sponge repair of small cerebrospinal fluid leaks obviates
tissue grafts and cerebrospinal fluid diversion after pituitary surgery.
SO - Neurosurgery 2001 Oct;49(4):885-9; discussion 889-90
AD - Division of Neurosurgery, University of California at Los Angeles
Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7039, USA. dkelly@mednet.ucla.edu
OBJECTIVE: Repair of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak created at the
time of transsphenoidal surgery typically involves placement of a fat,
fascial, or muscle graft and sellar floor reconstruction. In this
report, a simplified repair for small, "weeping" CSF leaks using
collagen sponge is described. METHODS: All patients underwent an
endonasal transsphenoidal procedure using the operating microscope. At
the completion of tumor removal, if a small CSF leak was noted but no
obvious large arachnoidal defect was present, a piece of collagen sponge
was fashioned to cover the exposed diaphragma sellae. Titanium mesh was
then wedged into the intrasellar, extradural space and a larger piece of
collagen was placed over the reconstructed sellar floor. Nasal packing
was removed within 24 hours. RESULTS: During an 18-month period, 62
consecutive transsphenoidal procedures were performed for tumor removal.
Of 20 patients with a small CSF leak (18 pituitary adenomas, 1 Rathke's
cleft cyst, and 1 chordoma), all had successful repair with collagen
sponge. At follow-up examinations at 1 to 18 months, no patient had
required a lumbar drain or had developed meningitis. One other patient
had a large intraoperative arachnoid
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